Glycerophosphocholines (GP01) - Revision history https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php?title=Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29&action=history Revision history for this page on the wiki en MediaWiki 1.13.0 Fri, 29 Mar 2024 07:03:51 GMT Gerhard Liebisch at 08:56, 17 September 2008 https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php?title=Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29&diff=6120&oldid=prev <p></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">←Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 08:56, 17 September 2008</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category:Glycerophospholipids (GP)]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt; </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==Basics==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== Basics ==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Phosphatidylcholine|Phosphatidylcholine (PC)]] is a phospholipid that is a major constituent of cell membranes. [[Phosphatidylcholine|Phosphatidylcholine]] is also known as PtdCho, 1,2-diacyl-:ussn:ue-glycero-3-phosphocholine or [http://www2.chemie.uni-erlangen.de/services/dissonline/data/dissertation/Christoph_Wabel/html/Chapter1.html lecithin].</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">It has a role in the maintenance of cell-membrane integrity and is vital to all of the basic biological processes. These are information flow that occurs within cells from DNA to RNA to proteins, the formation of cellular energy and intracellular communication or signal transduction. [[Phosphatidylcholine|Phosphatidylcholine]], particularly [[Phosphatidylcholine|phosphatidylcholine]] rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, has a marked fluidizing effect on cellular membranes. Decreased cell-membrane fluidization and breakdown of cell-membrane integrity, as well as impairment of cell-membrane repair mechanisms, are associated with a number of disorders, including liver disease, neurological diseases, various cancers and cell death.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== Structure ===</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Phosphatidylcholine|Phosphatidylcholine (PC)]] is a phospholipid that is a major constituent of cell membranes. [[Phosphatidylcholine|Phosphatidylcholine]] is also known as PtdCho, 1,2-diacyl-:ussn:ue-glycero-3-phosphocholine or [http://www2.chemie.uni-erlangen.de/services/dissonline/data/dissertation/Christoph_Wabel/html/Chapter1.html lecithin]. It has a role in the maintenance of cell-membrane integrity and is vital to all of the basic biological processes. These are information flow that occurs within cells from DNA to RNA to proteins, the formation of cellular energy and intracellular communication or signal transduction. [[Phosphatidylcholine|Phosphatidylcholine]], particularly [[Phosphatidylcholine|phosphatidylcholine]] rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, has a marked fluidizing effect on cellular membranes. Decreased cell-membrane fluidization and breakdown of cell-membrane integrity, as well as impairment of cell-membrane repair mechanisms, are associated with a number of disorders, including liver disease, neurological diseases, various cancers and cell death. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chemically, Phosphatidylcholine is a glycerophospholipid, built on glycerol and substituted at all three carbons. Carbons 1 and 2 are substituted by fatty acids and carbon 3 by phosphorylcholine.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== Structure&nbsp; ===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Image:PC_1.gif|frame|none|</del>Phosphatidylcholine<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chemically, </ins>Phosphatidylcholine <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">is a glycerophospholipid, built on glycerol and substituted at all three carbons. Carbons 1 and 2 are substituted by fatty acids and carbon 3 by phosphorylcholine. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Formula</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">C10H18NO8PR2</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Image</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PC 1.gif|frame|none|Phosphatidylcholine]] </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[http</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">//www.lipidmaps.org/data/get_lm_lipids_dbgif.php?LM_ID=LMGP01010000 LIPID MAPS Phosphatidylcholine generic structure]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Formula</ins>: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">C10H18NO8PR2 </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== Natural sources ===</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[http://www.lipidmaps.org/data/get_lm_lipids_dbgif.php?LM_ID</ins>=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">LMGP01010000 LIPID MAPS Phosphatidylcholine generic structure] </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://www.lipidlibrary.co.uk/Lipids/pc/index.htm Phosphatidylcholine]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== Natural sources&nbsp; ===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://www.lipidlibrary.co.uk/Lipids/pc/index.htm Phosphatidylcholine] &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Nomenclature&nbsp; ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Nomenclature&nbsp; ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''Trivial - non systematic - names:'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>'''Trivial - non systematic - names:''' &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*Phosphatidylcholine</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*Lecithin</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*Phosphatidylcholine &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*Lecithin &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*1,2-Diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*1,2-Diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/lipid/ IUPAC]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/lipid/ IUPAC] &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://www.lipidmaps.org/data/classification/gp.html Glycerophospholipids and subclasses]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[http://www.lipidmaps.org/data/classification/gp.html Glycerophospholipids and subclasses] &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Biophysical properties ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Biophysical properties <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </ins>===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Biology / biochemistry&nbsp; ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== Biology / biochemistry ==</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Biochemical synthesis ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Biochemical synthesis===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Mammalian cells derive the bulk of their PC from the “'''Kennedy pathway'''” described in the work of Kennedy and coworkers almost 40 years ago that is located at the cytosolic side of the endoplasmatic reticulum. Here the first step is the phosphorylation of choline by the enzyme choline kinase (Fig. 24_2).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Mammalian cells derive the bulk of their PC from the “'''Kennedy pathway'''” described in the work of Kennedy and coworkers almost 40 years ago that is located at the cytosolic side of the endoplasmatic reticulum. Here the first step is the phosphorylation of choline by the enzyme choline kinase (Fig. 24_2). &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure24_2</del>.jpg|frame|center|Figure 24_2. Kennedy Pathway]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Figure24 2</ins>.jpg|frame|center|Figure 24_2. Kennedy Pathway]] &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> </del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">&lt;br&gt; </ins>The formed phosphocholine is subsequently activated by a phosphate cytidylyltransferase that generates CDP-choline. Finally the enzyme choline phosphotransferase transfers the choline group of CDP-choline to diacylglycerol (DAG) which leads to the formation of PC. Alternatively, [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Phosphatidylethanolamine|</ins>phosphatidylethanolamine]] (PE) is generated via the “Kennedy pathway” employing similar biochemical reaction steps. The PE thus formed can be sequentially methylated on its primary amine using S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor by the enzyme PE-N-Methyl-Transferase (PEMT) to form PC after the sequential transfer of 3 methyl groups. These sequential reactions are termed the PEMT pathway. &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The formed phosphocholine is subsequently activated by a phosphate cytidylyltransferase that generates CDP-choline. Finally the enzyme choline phosphotransferase transfers the choline group of CDP-choline to diacylglycerol (DAG) which leads to the formation of PC. Alternatively, [[phosphatidylethanolamine]] (PE) is generated via the “Kennedy pathway” employing similar biochemical reaction steps. The PE thus formed can be sequentially methylated on its primary amine using S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor by the enzyme PE-N-Methyl-Transferase (PEMT) to form PC after the sequential transfer of 3 methyl groups. These sequential reactions are termed the PEMT pathway.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Both the [[phosphatidylserine]] and “Kennedy pathway” are found in mammalian cells but there are some tight restrictions on specific elements of the pathways. In contrast to yeast, the methylation reaction in mammalian cells is not sufficient for supplying all of the PC needed for cell growth.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Both the [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Phosphatidylserine|</ins>phosphatidylserine]] and “Kennedy pathway” are found in mammalian cells but there are some tight restrictions on specific elements of the pathways. In contrast to yeast, the methylation reaction in mammalian cells is not sufficient for supplying all of the PC needed for cell growth. &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Summed up, in vivo, phosphatidylcholine is produced via two major pathways. In the predominant pathway, two fatty acids are added to glycerol phosphate to generate phosphatidic acid. Next, phosphatidic acid is converted to diacylglycerol, after which phosphocholine is added on from CDPcholine.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Summed up, in vivo, phosphatidylcholine is produced via two major pathways. In the predominant pathway, two fatty acids are added to glycerol phosphate to generate phosphatidic acid. Next, phosphatidic acid is converted to diacylglycerol, after which phosphocholine is added on from CDPcholine. The second, minor pathway is phosphatidylethanolamine methylation, in which the phosphatidylethanolamine has three methyl groups added to its ethanolamine head-group, thereby converting it into phosphatidylcholine. &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The second, minor pathway is phosphatidylethanolamine methylation, in which the phosphatidylethanolamine has three methyl groups added to its ethanolamine head-group, thereby converting it into phosphatidylcholine.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Metabolism ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Metabolism <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"> ===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== Enzymes/gene lists&nbsp; </ins>===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=== Enzymes/gene lists ===</del></div></td><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*Choline kinase</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*Choline kinase</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Dietary choline is absorbed by the intestine in the form of lysophosphatidylcholine or choline, and uptake of the latter is mediated by choline transporters. Upon entry into the cell, choline is immediately phosphorylated to phosphocholine or oxidized to betaine in some cell types such as hepatocytes. The phosphorylation of choline is catalyzed by choline kinase. The choline kinases can exist as either homodimers or heterodimers.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Dietary choline is absorbed by the intestine in the form of lysophosphatidylcholine or choline, and uptake of the latter is mediated by choline transporters. Upon entry into the cell, choline is immediately phosphorylated to phosphocholine or oxidized to betaine in some cell types such as hepatocytes. The phosphorylation of choline is catalyzed by choline kinase. The choline kinases can exist as either homodimers or heterodimers. &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Although choline kinase catalyzes the initial and committed step in the conversion of choline to PC, choline kinase is usually not considered to be rate-limiting or to regulate the rate of PC biosynthesis. Rather, the second reaction in the pathway, catalyzed by CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT), is usually rate-limiting. CT in the mouse is also encoded by two genes. Pcyt1a encodes CT 2 and the splice variant CT 3 and is located on chromosome 16 . &nbsp;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Although choline kinase catalyzes the initial and committed step in the conversion of choline to PC, choline kinase is usually not considered to be rate-limiting or to regulate the rate of PC biosynthesis. Rather, the second reaction in the pathway, catalyzed by CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT), is usually rate-limiting. CT in the mouse is also encoded by two genes. Pcyt1a encodes CT 2 and the splice variant CT 3 and is located on chromosome 16 . &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The final reaction in the choline pathway for PC biosynthesis is catalyzed by CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (CPT). This enzyme has never been purified from any source, probably because it is an intrinsic membrane protein found primarily on the ER. With new molecular tools, such as the use of a tagged protein in an expression system, CPT purification can now be undertaken with a higher probability of success. Also, the gene(s) in mice that encodes CPT has not been characterized. However, two human CPT cDNAs have been cloned and expressed . Most studies indicate that there is an excess of CPT activity in cells; hence, the amount of enzyme does not limit the rate of PC biosynthesis. However, in vivo, it seems clear that the CPT reaction is governed by the supply of both CDP-choline and diacylglycerol. &nbsp;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>The final reaction in the choline pathway for PC biosynthesis is catalyzed by CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (CPT). This enzyme has never been purified from any source, probably because it is an intrinsic membrane protein found primarily on the ER. With new molecular tools, such as the use of a tagged protein in an expression system, CPT purification can now be undertaken with a higher probability of success. Also, the gene(s) in mice that encodes CPT has not been characterized. However, two human CPT cDNAs have been cloned and expressed . Most studies indicate that there is an excess of CPT activity in cells; hence, the amount of enzyme does not limit the rate of PC biosynthesis. However, in vivo, it seems clear that the CPT reaction is governed by the supply of both CDP-choline and diacylglycerol. &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Source: Zhaoyu Li and Dennis E. Vance, Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 49, 1187-1194, June 2008</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Source: Zhaoyu Li and Dennis E. Vance, Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 49, 1187-1194, June 2008 &nbsp;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== Associated biological processes&nbsp; ===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">== Technology&nbsp; ==</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>&#160;</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== Analysis methods&nbsp; ===</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== Associated biological processes ===</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*[[Phosphatidylcholine / Sphingomyelin - ESI-MS/MS - Liebisch et al.|Phosphatidylcholine / Sphingomyelin - ESI-MS/MS - Liebisch et al.]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>== <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Technology </del>==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chemical synthesis&nbsp; </ins>===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>==<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">= Analysis methods ===</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* [[Phosphatidylcholine / Sphingomyelin - ESI-MS/MS - Liebisch et al.]]</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">=== Chemical synthesis ===</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Category: Glycerophosphocholines_(GP01)]]</ins></div></td></tr> <!-- diff generator: internal 2024-03-29 07:03:51 --> </table> Wed, 17 Sep 2008 08:56:19 GMT Gerhard Liebisch https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php/Talk:Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29 Katharina Rübsaamen: /* Structure */ https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php?title=Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29&diff=5586&oldid=prev <p><span class="autocomment">Structure</span></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">←Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 11:52, 14 August 2008</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 10:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Chemically, Phosphatidylcholine is a glycerophospholipid, built on glycerol and substituted at all three carbons. Carbons 1 and 2 are substituted by fatty acids and carbon 3 by phosphorylcholine.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Chemically, Phosphatidylcholine is a glycerophospholipid, built on glycerol and substituted at all three carbons. Carbons 1 and 2 are substituted by fatty acids and carbon 3 by phosphorylcholine.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Phosphatidylcholine</del>.gif|frame|none|Phosphatidylcholine]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">PC_1</ins>.gif|frame|none|Phosphatidylcholine]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Formula: C10H18NO8PR2</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Formula: C10H18NO8PR2</div></td></tr> <!-- diff generator: internal 2024-03-29 07:03:51 --> </table> Thu, 14 Aug 2008 11:52:33 GMT Katharina Rübsaamen https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php/Talk:Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29 Katharina Rübsaamen: /* Enzymes/gene lists */ https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php?title=Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29&diff=5567&oldid=prev <p><span class="autocomment">Enzymes/gene lists</span></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">←Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 07:39, 14 August 2008</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 52:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 52:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Enzymes/gene lists ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Enzymes/gene lists ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase</del></div></td><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase</del></div></td><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*Choline kinase</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>*Choline kinase</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Dietary choline is absorbed by the intestine in the form of lysophosphatidylcholine or choline, and uptake of the latter is mediated by choline transporters. Upon entry into the cell, choline is immediately phosphorylated to phosphocholine or oxidized to betaine in some cell types such as hepatocytes. The phosphorylation of choline is catalyzed by choline kinase. The choline kinases can exist as either homodimers or heterodimers.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Although choline kinase catalyzes the initial and committed step in the conversion of choline to PC, choline kinase is usually not considered to be rate-limiting or to regulate the rate of PC biosynthesis. Rather, the second reaction in the pathway, catalyzed by CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CT), is usually rate-limiting. CT in the mouse is also encoded by two genes. Pcyt1a encodes CT 2 and the splice variant CT 3 and is located on chromosome 16 . </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The final reaction in the choline pathway for PC biosynthesis is catalyzed by CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (CPT). This enzyme has never been purified from any source, probably because it is an intrinsic membrane protein found primarily on the ER. With new molecular tools, such as the use of a tagged protein in an expression system, CPT purification can now be undertaken with a higher probability of success. Also, the gene(s) in mice that encodes CPT has not been characterized. However, two human CPT cDNAs have been cloned and expressed . Most studies indicate that there is an excess of CPT activity in cells; hence, the amount of enzyme does not limit the rate of PC biosynthesis. However, in vivo, it seems clear that the CPT reaction is governed by the supply of both CDP-choline and diacylglycerol. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Source: Zhaoyu Li and Dennis E. Vance, Journal of Lipid Research, Vol. 49, 1187-1194, June 2008</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Associated biological processes ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Associated biological processes ===</div></td></tr> <!-- diff generator: internal 2024-03-29 07:03:51 --> </table> Thu, 14 Aug 2008 07:39:03 GMT Katharina Rübsaamen https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php/Talk:Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29 Katharina Rübsaamen: /* Enzymes/gene lists */ https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php?title=Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29&diff=5566&oldid=prev <p><span class="autocomment">Enzymes/gene lists</span></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">←Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 07:25, 14 August 2008</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 52:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 52:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Enzymes/gene lists ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Enzymes/gene lists ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*</ins>CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*</ins>CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Choline kinase</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">*</ins>Choline kinase</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Associated biological processes ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Associated biological processes ===</div></td></tr> <!-- diff generator: internal 2024-03-29 07:03:51 --> </table> Thu, 14 Aug 2008 07:25:46 GMT Katharina Rübsaamen https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php/Talk:Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29 Katharina Rübsaamen: /* Enzymes/gene lists */ https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php?title=Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29&diff=5565&oldid=prev <p><span class="autocomment">Enzymes/gene lists</span></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">←Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 07:25, 14 August 2008</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 52:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 52:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Enzymes/gene lists ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Enzymes/gene lists ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CDP-choline:1,2-diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Choline kinase</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Associated biological processes ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Associated biological processes ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <!-- diff generator: internal 2024-03-29 07:03:51 --> </table> Thu, 14 Aug 2008 07:25:30 GMT Katharina Rübsaamen https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php/Talk:Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29 Katharina Rübsaamen: /* Metabolism */ https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php?title=Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29&diff=5564&oldid=prev <p><span class="autocomment">Metabolism</span></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">←Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 07:23, 14 August 2008</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Metabolism ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Metabolism ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Phosphatidylcholine is an essential phospholipid in mammalian cells and tissues and is made in all nucleated cells via the choline pathway. Choline was first identified in ox bile in 1862. The Greek word for bile is chole. After a long interlude, in 1932, Best and Huntsman discovered the choline deficiency that results in fatty liver in rodents when insufficient choline is provided in the diet. In animals, choline can be acquired from the diet and via de novo biosynthesis: choline is produced through the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT). Choline can then be generated from phosphatidylcholine via the action of phospholipases. The PEMT/phospholipase reactions constitute the only known endogenous pathway for choline biosynthesis in animals, whereas in plants and some microbes, choline can be made from the methylation of phosphoethanolamine. Thus, choline is made from the methylation of the ethanolamine moiety of phosphoethanolamine or PE. Both exogenous and endogenous choline is converted into phosphatidylcholine, which accounts for&nbsp; 95% of the total choline pool in most animal tissues. The remaining 5% includes choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, CDP-choline, and acetylcholine. In animals, PEMT is quantitatively significant only in the liver, and it accounts for&nbsp; 30% of hepatic phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in rodents. The other 70% of hepatic phosphatidylcholine is made via the choline pathway.</del></div></td><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Enzymes/gene lists ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Enzymes/gene lists ===</div></td></tr> <!-- diff generator: internal 2024-03-29 07:03:51 --> </table> Thu, 14 Aug 2008 07:23:58 GMT Katharina Rübsaamen https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php/Talk:Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29 Katharina Rübsaamen: /* Metabolism */ https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php?title=Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29&diff=5563&oldid=prev <p><span class="autocomment">Metabolism</span></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">←Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 07:22, 14 August 2008</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 50:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Metabolism ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Metabolism ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Phosphatidylcholine is an essential phospholipid in mammalian cells and tissues and is made in all nucleated cells via the choline pathway. Choline was first identified in ox bile in 1862. The Greek word for bile is chole. After a long interlude, in 1932, Best and Huntsman discovered the choline deficiency that results in fatty liver in rodents when insufficient choline is provided in the diet. In animals, choline can be acquired from the diet and via de novo biosynthesis: choline is produced through the methylation of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) to phosphatidylcholine catalyzed by phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT). Choline can then be generated from phosphatidylcholine via the action of phospholipases. The PEMT/phospholipase reactions constitute the only known endogenous pathway for choline biosynthesis in animals, whereas in plants and some microbes, choline can be made from the methylation of phosphoethanolamine. Thus, choline is made from the methylation of the ethanolamine moiety of phosphoethanolamine or PE. Both exogenous and endogenous choline is converted into phosphatidylcholine, which accounts for&nbsp; 95% of the total choline pool in most animal tissues. The remaining 5% includes choline, phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, CDP-choline, and acetylcholine. In animals, PEMT is quantitatively significant only in the liver, and it accounts for&nbsp; 30% of hepatic phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in rodents. The other 70% of hepatic phosphatidylcholine is made via the choline pathway.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Enzymes/gene lists ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Enzymes/gene lists ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Associated biological processes ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Associated biological processes ===</div></td></tr> <!-- diff generator: internal 2024-03-29 07:03:51 --> </table> Thu, 14 Aug 2008 07:22:59 GMT Katharina Rübsaamen https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php/Talk:Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29 Katharina Rübsaamen: /* Biochemical synthesis */ https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php?title=Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29&diff=5562&oldid=prev <p><span class="autocomment">Biochemical synthesis</span></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">←Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 07:14, 14 August 2008</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 45:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 45:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Both the [[phosphatidylserine]] and “Kennedy pathway” are found in mammalian cells but there are some tight restrictions on specific elements of the pathways. In contrast to yeast, the methylation reaction in mammalian cells is not sufficient for supplying all of the PC needed for cell growth.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>Both the [[phosphatidylserine]] and “Kennedy pathway” are found in mammalian cells but there are some tight restrictions on specific elements of the pathways. In contrast to yeast, the methylation reaction in mammalian cells is not sufficient for supplying all of the PC needed for cell growth.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Summed up, in vivo, phosphatidylcholine is produced via two major pathways. In the predominant pathway, two fatty acids are added to glycerol phosphate to generate phosphatidic acid. Next, phosphatidic acid is converted to diacylglycerol, after which phosphocholine is added on from CDPcholine.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The second, minor pathway is phosphatidylethanolamine methylation, in which the phosphatidylethanolamine has three methyl groups added to its ethanolamine head-group, thereby converting it into phosphatidylcholine.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Metabolism ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Metabolism ===</div></td></tr> <!-- diff generator: internal 2024-03-29 07:03:51 --> </table> Thu, 14 Aug 2008 07:14:35 GMT Katharina Rübsaamen https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php/Talk:Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29 Katharina Rübsaamen: /* Structure */ https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php?title=Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29&diff=5561&oldid=prev <p><span class="autocomment">Structure</span></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">←Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 07:10, 14 August 2008</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 8:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 8:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Structure ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Structure ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'>-</td><td style="background: #ffa; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Phosphatidylcholines </del>are <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">a class of phospholipids which incorporate choline as a headgroup</del>. &nbsp;</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Chemically, Phosphatidylcholine is a glycerophospholipid, built on glycerol and substituted at all three carbons. Carbons 1 and 2 </ins>are <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">substituted by fatty acids and carbon 3 by phosphorylcholine</ins>.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:Phosphatidylcholine.gif|frame|none|Phosphatidylcholine]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:Phosphatidylcholine.gif|frame|none|Phosphatidylcholine]]</div></td></tr> <!-- diff generator: internal 2024-03-29 07:03:51 --> </table> Thu, 14 Aug 2008 07:10:32 GMT Katharina Rübsaamen https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php/Talk:Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29 Katharina Rübsaamen: /* Structure */ https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php?title=Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29&diff=5560&oldid=prev <p><span class="autocomment">Structure</span></p> <table style="background-color: white; color:black;"> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <col class='diff-marker' /> <col class='diff-content' /> <tr valign='top'> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">←Older revision</td> <td colspan='2' style="background-color: white; color:black;">Revision as of 07:05, 14 August 2008</td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 8:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 8:</td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Structure ===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>=== Structure ===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="background: #cfc; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div><ins style="color: red; font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Phosphatidylcholines are a class of phospholipids which incorporate choline as a headgroup. </ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"></td></tr> <tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:Phosphatidylcholine.gif|frame|none|Phosphatidylcholine]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background: #eee; color:black; font-size: smaller;"><div>[[Image:Phosphatidylcholine.gif|frame|none|Phosphatidylcholine]]</div></td></tr> <!-- diff generator: internal 2024-03-29 07:03:51 --> </table> Thu, 14 Aug 2008 07:05:39 GMT Katharina Rübsaamen https://www.lipidomicnet.org/index.php/Talk:Glycerophosphocholines_%28GP01%29